Flow（心流）：注意力是你最无价的资源
《心流》（Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience）是匈牙利裔心理学家米哈里·契克森米哈伊（Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi）于1990年出版的里程碑式作品，它系统性地提出了”心流”（Flow）理论——一种完全沉浸于当前活动、失去时间感、自我与行动合而为一的最优心理状态。通过对艺术家、运动员、外科医生等群体的长期研究，契克森米哈伊发现，心流状态并非天才的特权，而是可通过特定条件主动创造的普遍体验。
书中指出心流的核心条件包括：明确的目标、即时反馈、能力与挑战的平衡、高度专注、控制感等。心流不仅带来当下的愉悦感，更是长期幸福感的源泉。契克森米哈伊进一步提出，通过设计生活与工作场景（如优化任务难度、切割目标、减少分心），普通人可将日常活动转化为心流体验，从而对抗焦虑、空虚等现代精神困境。
《心流》不仅是一本心理学经典，更是一本高效学习方法论手册。它教会语言学习者：真正的掌握并非来自痛苦坚持，而是通过精心设计的体验，让学习本身成为愉悦的沉浸之旅。正如契克森米哈伊所言：”最优体验发生在一个人自愿努力克服有价值挑战的时刻”——而英语学习，正是这样一个值得投入的挑战。
ATTENTION AS PSYCHIC ENERGY （注意力是你的身体原动力）
Information enters consciousness either because we intend to focus attention on it or as a result of attentional habits based on biological or social instructions. For instance, driving down the highway, we pass hundreds of cars without actually being aware of them. Their shape and color might register for a fraction of a second, and then they are immediately forgotten. But occasionally we notice a particular vehicle, perhaps because it is swerving unsteadily between lanes, or because it is moving very slowly, or because of its unusual appearance. The image of the unusual car enters the focus of consciousness, and we become aware of it. In the mind the visual information about the car (e.g., “it is swerving”) gets related to information about other errant cars stored in memory, to determine into which category the present instance fits. Is this an inexperienced driver, a drunken driver, a momentarily distracted but competent driver? As soon as the event is matched to an already known class of events, it is identified. Now it must be evaluated: Is this something to worry about? If the answer is yes, then we must decide on an appropriate course of action: Should we speed up, slow down, change lanes, stop and alert the highway patrol?
All these complex mental operations must be completed in a few seconds, sometimes in a fraction of a second. While forming such a judgment seems to be a lightning-fast reaction, it does take place in real time. And it does not happen automatically: there is a distinct process that makes such reactions possible, a process called attention. It is attention that selects the relevant bits of information from the potential millions of bits available. It takes attention to retrieve the appropriate references from memory, to evaluate the event, and then to choose the right thing to do.
Despite its great powers, attention cannot step beyond the limits already described. It cannot notice or hold in focus more information than can be processed simultaneously. Retrieving information from memory storage and bringing it into the focus of awareness, comparing information, evaluating, deciding—all make demands on the mind’s limited processing capacity. For example, the driver who notices the swerving car will have to stop talking on his cellular phone if he wants to avoid an accident.
Some people learn to use this priceless resource efficiently, while others waste it. The mark of a person who is in control of consciousness is the ability to focus attention at will, to be oblivious to distractions, to concentrate for as long as it takes to achieve a goal, and not longer. And the person who can do this usually enjoys the normal course of everyday life.
Two very different individuals come to mind to illustrate how attention can be used to order consciousness in the service of one’s goals. The first is E., a European woman who is one of the best-known and powerful women in her country. A scholar of international reputation, she has at the same time built up a thriving business that employs hundreds of people and has been on the cutting edge of its field for a generation. E. travels constantly to political, business, and professional meetings, moving among her several residences around the world. If there is a concert in the town where she is staying, E. will probably be in the audience; at the first free moment she will be at the museum or library. And while she is in a meeting, her chauffeur, instead of just standing around and waiting, will be expected to visit the local art gallery or museum; for on the way home, his employer will want to discuss what he thought of its paintings. Not one minute of E.’s life is wasted.
Usually she is writing, solving problems, reading one of the five newspapers or the earmarked sections of books on her daily schedule—or just asking questions, watching curiously what is going on, and planning her next task. Very little of her time is spent on the routine functions of life. Chatting or socializing out of mere politeness is done graciously, but avoided whenever possible. Each day, however, she devotes some time to recharging her mind, by such simple means as standing still for fifteen minutes on the lakeshore, facing the sun with eyes closed. Or she may take her hounds for a walk in the meadows on the hill outside town. E. is so much in control of her attentional processes that she can disconnect her consciousness at will and fall asleep for a refreshing nap whenever she has a moment free.
E.’s life has not been easy. Her family became impoverished after World War I, and she herself lost everything, including her freedom, during World War II. Several decades ago she had a chronic disease her doctors were sure was fatal. But she recovered everything, including her health, by disciplining her attention and refusing to diffuse it on unproductive thoughts or activities. At this point she radiates a pure glow of energy. And despite past hardships and the intensity of her present life, she seems to relish thoroughly every minute of it.
The second person who comes to mind is in many ways the opposite of E., the only similarity being the same unbending sharpness of attention. R. is a slight, at first sight unprepossessing man. Shy, modest to the point of self-effacement, he would be easy to forget immediately after a short meeting. Although he is known to only a few, his reputation among them is very great. He is master of an arcane branch of scholarship, and at the same time the author of exquisite verse translated into many languages. Every time one speaks to him, the image of a deep well full of energy comes to mind. As he talks, his eyes take in everything; every sentence he hears is analyzed three or four different ways even before the speaker has finished saying it. Things that most people take for granted puzzle him; and until he figures them out in an original yet perfectly appropriate way, he will not let them be.
Yet despite this constant effort of focused intelligence, R. gives the impression of restfulness, of calm serenity. He always seems aware of the tiniest ripples of activity in his surroundings. But R. does not notice things in order to change them or judge them. He is content to register reality, to understand, and then, perhaps, to express his understanding. R. is not going to make the immediate impact on society that E. has. But his consciousness is just as ordered and complex; his attention is stretched as far as it can go, interacting with the world around him. And like E., he seems to enjoy his life intensely.
Each person allocates his or her limited attention either by focusing it intentionally like a beam of energy—as do E. and R. in the previous examples—or by diffusing it in desultory, random movements. The shape and content of life depend on how attention has been used. Entirely different realities will emerge depending on how it is invested. The names we use to describe personality traits—such as extrovert, high achiever, or paranoid—refer to the specific patterns people have used to structure their attention. At the same party, the extrovert will seek out and enjoy interactions with others, the high achiever will look for useful business contacts, and the paranoid will be on guard for signs of danger he must avoid. Attention can be invested in innumerable ways, ways that can make life either rich or miserable.
The flexibility of attentional structures is even more obvious when they are compared across cultures or occupational classes. Eskimo hunters are trained to discriminate between dozens of types of snow, and are always aware of the direction and speed of the wind. Traditional Melanesian sailors can be taken blindfolded to any point of the ocean within a radius of several hundred miles from their island home and, if allowed to float for a few minutes in the sea, are able to recognize the spot by the feel of the currents on their bodies. A musician structures her attention so as to focus on nuances of sound that ordinary people are not aware of, a stockbroker focuses on tiny changes in the market that others do not register, a good clinical diagnostician has an uncanny eye for symptoms—because they have trained their attention to process signals that otherwise would pass unnoticed.
Because attention determines what will or will not appear in consciousness, and because it is also required to make any other mental events—such as remembering, thinking, feeling, and making decisions—happen there, it is useful to think of it as psychic energy. Attention is like energy in that without it no work can be done, and in doing work it is dissipated. We create ourselves by how we invest this energy. Memories, thoughts, and feelings are all shaped by how we use it. And it is an energy under our control, to do with as we please; hence, attention is our most important tool in the task of improving the quality of experience.
注意力：无价的资源（Attnetion as psychic energy）
资讯进入意识是因为我们企图注意它，或是生理或社会指示我们该注意。例如，在公路上开车，我们与上百辆汽车擦身而过，都没有特别注意，它们的颜色与形状一闪而逝，随即被遗忘。但偶尔我们会注意到一辆特殊的车，或许因为它在公路上蛇行，或开得特别慢，或者它有与众不同的外观。只有这辆不寻常的汽车的意象进入意识的焦点，我们才察觉到它的存在。这辆汽车的视觉资讯（像它在蛇行）在脑子里跟其他储存在记忆中的有关汽车的资讯连接起来，决定了目前的情况属于何种性质。驾驶人是经验丰富、艺高胆大、喝醉酒，还只是一时分心？当此事件与既定的资讯相契合，就有了定位。现在要加以评估的是：是否值得担心？如果答案是肯定的，我们就必须决定采取某种行动：加速、减速、变换车道，或是停车通知交通警察。
这套繁复的心理运作，必须在几秒钟，甚至几分之一秒内完成，用“电光石火”形容这种决断的速度一点儿也不夸张。它并非自动发生，而是经过一套明确的程序，我们称之为“注意力”。注意力负责从数以百万计位的资讯中挑出相关的资讯，以及从记忆中抽取相关的参考数据，然后评估事件，采取正确的对策。注意力再怎么强大，也无法超越前面谈到的限制。它在一定时间内只能处理一定数量的资讯。从记忆库中取出资讯，理解、比较、评估，然后做决定——无一不用到心灵有限的资讯处理能力。以看见蛇行驾车的司机为例，他若想避免意外，可能就必须暂时中止边开车边打电话。
有些人学会了有效运用注意力这笔无价的资源，也有人弃置不用。控制意识最明显的指标就是能随心所欲地集中注意力，不因任何事情而分心。若能做到这一点，就能在日常生活中找到乐趣。
不同的成功人生
我要用两个极端不同的个案，来说明应用注意力规划意识、实现目标的方法。
第一个是E女士的案例。E是一名欧洲妇女，也是当地最知名、最有势力的一位女性。她不但是扬名国际的学者，还建立了一个大企业，雇用数百名员工，十多年来一直执业界牛耳。E女士经常到各地参加政治、商业及专业性会议，在好几个国家都有寓所。如果所到之处有音乐会，她多半会去聆听；一有闲暇，她就去博物馆参观或上图书馆。开会期间，她不要司机在旁枯候，反而鼓励他去当地的画廊或博物馆看看，因为她希望在回家途中，有人可以陪她聊聊观画的感想。
E女士一生中没有浪费过一分钟，她无时无刻不在写作、解决问题、阅读报纸、翻阅当日行程，或只是提出问题，仔细观察周遭事物，并计划下一步的工作。她只花很少的时间在日常例行公事上；她与人交谈彬彬有礼，社交仪态优雅，但尽可能避免这些活动。她每天都会抽出时间为心灵充电，方法非常简单：如在湖畔伫立15分钟，闭上眼睛，让阳光洒在脸上；或者牵着猎犬到镇外的小山坡上散步。E女士能充分控制注意力，可以随时把意识关闭，打个盹儿，然后恢复精神。
E女士的人生并不顺利。第一次世界大战后，她的家族变得一贫如洗；在第二次世界大战期间她失去了一切，还曾身陷囹圄。数十年前，她罹患慢性病，医生判定会有致命的危险。但她凭借着约束注意力，不把精力浪费在不具建设性的思想或活动上，渡过了一切难关。现在她全身焕发着精力，并活跃于许多活动中，无视艰苦的过去与紧张忙碌的现在，她的每一分钟都过得满足而充实。
第二个案例在很多方面都跟E女士截然相反，他们唯一的共同点就是具有犀利的注意力。
R是个瘦小的男人，乍一看很不起眼，非常害羞、谦虚，跟他只有一面之缘的人很容易把他忘掉。熟悉他的人并不多，但对他的评价都很高。他在一门冷僻的学问上卓然有成，还有许多美妙的诗歌作品被译成多种语言。跟他谈话，令人联想到一泓深不可测的活力之泉。他说话时，目光深邃；听人说话时，往往从多方面分析对方的话语。一般人视为理所当然的事常令他感到困惑；在用原创但十分贴切的方式详加分析前，他绝不让任何事轻易溜走。
R先生尽管不断地磨砺知性，外表却给人一种沉着、宁静的感觉。他似乎永远能察觉到周遭最微小的变动。他注意一件事，目的不在于改善或批判它，只要能够观察和了解事实，并表达自己的看法，他就心满意足了。R先生不像E女士那样对社会造成立刻的冲击，但他的意识同样复杂而有条理；他把注意力尽可能延伸，跟周遭的世界密切结合起来。他跟E女士同样都能充分享受人生。
注意力的探照灯
一般人都不能像E女士或R先生那样，把有限的注意力像探照灯一般集中成一道光束，而是任它毫无章法地散开。应用注意力的方式足以决定人生的外观与内涵，塑造可能全然相反的现实。我们用以描述人格特征的字眼——诸如外向、成就不凡、偏执狂，其实指的都是一个人建构注意力的模式。在同一个宴会上，外向的人热衷于与别人交际；成就不凡的人寻求有用的商界人脉；偏执狂则随时警惕，怕碰到危险。注意力有无数种运用方法，可以使生活变得更丰富，但也可能更悲惨。
比较不同文化或行业的注意力结构，就可以更明显地看出它的可塑性。爱斯基摩猎人受过训练，可分辨数十种不同的雪景，而且永远对风向、风速极其敏感。美拉尼西亚群岛的水手即使蒙着眼睛，被带至离老家所在的海岛数百英里外的海上，在水中漂浮几分钟后，就能凭着对洋流的感觉，辨识出自己身在何处。音乐家专注于一般人无法辨别的声音意涵，股票经纪人懂得把握常受忽略的市场小震荡，优秀的医生对症状别具慧眼，这都是因为他们训练自己的注意力，学习处理易受忽略的讯号之故。
由于注意力除了决定某些事物能否进入意识外，还要带动其他心灵活动——回忆、思考、感觉、做决定，所以应该把注意力视为一种“精神能量”。它是完成工作不可或缺的能量，在工作中会耗损。我们通过这种能量的应用，创造自我；也通过应用的方式，塑造记忆、思想和感觉。注意力是一种受我们控制、随我们使用的能量变化而改变，也是改善体验品质的最重要的工具。
